FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions

Purchasing

• Do you have a free trial?
• What are the differences between Personal, Prosumer, and Professional?
• I see some menu items labeled (Pro). What does that mean?
• Can I test Professional and Prosumer options in trial?
• Can the Pro-only warnings be turned off?
• Are program updates free?
• How do I learn about program updates?
• Do I have to pay more to get 64-bit mode?
• I'm upgrading my computer. Do I have to buy a new license?
• I have both a Mac and a PC. Do I need two licenses?
• Can I purchase the software on CD?
• Where can I read the license terms?

Installing and Updating

• How do I download and install the program?
• I bought a license, how do I install it?
• How can I update the program?
• Can I have multiple versions installed at the same time?
• I'm trying to re-install my license key, but it won't work. What can I do?
• I lost my license key. What can I do?
• Do you have a "beta test" channel?

File Formats

• Will Zerene Stacker work with my camera?
• What kinds of image files will Zerene Stacker handle?
• Does Zerene Stacker handle raw files?
• How does Zerene Stacker handle color profiles?
• How do I save images as TIFF or JPEG?
• Is there some way to save EXIF and other metadata?
• Why do my output images say they're only 72 pixels per inch?
• What exactly is a project?

Shooting Stacks

• Does Zerene Stacker help me to shoot a stack?
• Does Zerene Stacker correct for changes in magnification as I focus?
• Does it matter if I shoot the stack in order?
• Does it matter if I work front-to-back or back-to-front?
• Does it matter if I have extra frames at the front or back?
• Do I need a focus rail?
• How do I figure out what aperture setting and step size to use?

Stacking

• How much memory should I allocate to Zerene Stacker?
• What is the best way to add files?
• My output image has a band of streaks on one side. Why is that?
• My output images have worm trails! Why is that?
• My colors changed a little. Why is that?
• Why do my images look noisy as soon as I load them into Zerene Stacker?
• Part of my subject looks transparent. What can I do?
• How should I set the Alignment options?
• What do the percentages mean for Alignment parameters?
• What is the difference between PMax and DMap?
• How should I choose those DMap Settings?
• What is "slabbing"?
• Should I sharpen before or after running Zerene Stacker?
• How can I detect movement in my stack?
• Why did the software reverse the order of my images?
• Can I directly control the order that images are processed?
• My stack got shot out of order. What can I do?
• Why do my saved output images look washed out?
• What does "Retain extended dynamic range" mean?
• What is the PMax setting "Retain UDR Image"?
• What is the PMax setting "Grit Suppression"?
• Are there settings to make stacks process faster?
• Why does the program complain that my images are different sizes?
• When do Options > Preferences values get saved and reloaded?
• How do I abort an operation in progress?

Retouching

• What are some tips for fast retouching?
• What are the different brush types for retouching?
• Sometimes I see noise getting added when I retouch. Why is that?
• I did not save a project. Can I retouch anyway?

Miscellaneous

• This program has a lot of options! Is there a user's manual?
• Do you have a user forum?
• How does Zerene Stacker work with Lightroom?
• Are there any keyboard shortcuts?
• Is there some way to turn off the welcome screen?
• Is there some way to control those output names?
• How can I find and remove orphaned files?
• The Zerene Stacker icon -- what is it?
• I need to report a problem. Are there log files I can send you?

Yes, there is a free 30-day trial.

The software downloads from https://zerenesystems.com/cms/stacker/softwaredownloads .

When first installed, it runs in free trial mode, which provides full functionality for 30 days from first execution. After that, the software will still run but screen images are watermarked and saving images and projects is disabled. At any time, installation of a purchased license key will unlock the software for permanent use.

By default, the technical features in trial mode are identical to those that would continue to be provided by a Personal Edition license key. Advanced features that require a Prosumer Edition or Professional Edition license key are also available, and provide a popup message letting you know that a Pro-only feature has been used.

Personal Edition is our entry-level product. It contains all the features that many people ever need, plus free trials of the Pro-only features. Trials of Pro-only features cover a 30-day period that starts when each feature is first used. To continue using a Pro-only feature after its trial period has expired, you can upgrade to Prosumer Edition for just the difference in license prices, by contacting support@zerenesystems.com .

Please see "What are the differences between Personal, Prosumer, and Professional?" for a list of all the Pro-only features.

Yes, all of the Professional and Prosumer options are available during the free 30-day trial.

In trial, the program's default settings are the same as for Personal and Student Editions.

So, to see exactly how a Prosumer or Professional Edition license key would behave, you'll need to check-mark the following settings explicitly:

• Options > Preferences > Image Saving > “Copy metadata from source images to saved output images”
• Options > Preferences > Color Management > “Use input file profiles for ZS screen displays”
• Options > Preferences > Multiprocessing > “Overlap I/O with computation if possible”
• Options > Preferences > Caching & Undo > “Enable advanced undo”

Sure – just click “Yes, and please don't ask again” when responding to any one of them. Or at any time you can go to Options > Preferences > Look & Feel, scroll down, and put a checkmark on “Silently start trials of Pro-only features.”

Warnings can be resumed by removing the checkmark on that “Silently start trials” option.

Yes, updates are free. We've been issuing free updates ever since Zerene Stacker was first sold, back in 2009. We have no plans to change that policy. It's so much simpler and more pleasant when everybody can just use the same current version.

The gold standard method is to visit the Downloads page and compare the Build number that is shown there against whatever is shown at Help > About Zerene Stacker in your installed version.

With default settings and a connection to the internet, Zerene Stacker will check for important updates every time it is launched, and notify you if one is available. You can also use Help > Check For Update to perform this check manually. Minor updates are sometimes not announced using these methods, even though they can be seen and obtained on the Downloads page as noted above.

No, it's the same price. Zerene Stacker supports 64-bit mode in all editions including Student and Personal.

No, your same license still works, even if you're going from 32-bits to 64-bits. Just download and install the appropriate version for your new computer, and re-install your old license key.

No, you can mix-and-match however you like, as long as you stay within the total number of computers allowed by the license.

The software is only available by download, but it's easy to make your own CD. Each download is just a single file that is also suitable for offline installation. Just use any machine that is connected to the Internet to download the version you need. Burn it to CD or thumbdrive on that machine, then carry the CD or thumbdrive to your offline machine and install the software there. Your license key can be transferred the same way. Just write the email to a text file, burn that to CD or thumbdrive, move it to the offline machine, and install the key.

A related issue: when running the software on a machine that is not connected to the Internet, it's best to clear the two checkboxes at Options > Preferences > Updates & Stats. That will prevent the software from attempting to contact zerenesystems.com, which would otherwise produce a warning message when the access failed.

We've posted the license terms HERE.

License terms can also be reviewed at any time inside the software, at Help > About Zerene Stacker > “Show license terms”.

The latest regular release of Zerene Stacker is always posted on our Downloads page. There is one separate file for each type of computer. Choose the appropriate one and download it. For Windows, the downloaded file is a classic Windows installer. Just run it, and it will walk you through the installation process. For Macintosh and Linux, the downloaded file is a self-contained bundle that does not need to be “installed”. Just move it anywhere you like, typically into your Applications folder. On Mac, this move should be done using drag-and-drop inside Finder.

The first time you run Zerene Stacker, it will go through a short process of configuring memory allocation based on what type of computer you have and how much physical memory it has installed. After this is done, the program will automatically restart and then you'll be ready to process images.

Licenses get installed using copy/paste at Options > Registration while Zerene Stacker is running. Just be sure to include the whole license key including all the equal signs ==== and everything between them. For detailed instructions, see HERE. If you're currently running an expired trial, then pay particular attention to step 5 because a browser window may be covering up part of Zerene Stacker that you need to install the license.

Program updates are posted as new installers, on the regular Downloads and Beta Downloads pages.

Just visit one of those pages and download the appropriate version for your type of computer.

Then install the download as if you were installing the program for the first time.

On Windows, installing the new version will automatically replace the old version.

On Macintosh and Linux, you will have to manually move the old version to trash, and move or rename the new version to replace it. Otherwise both versions will continue to be available, and you will run whichever one you happen to click on. If you have created a Dock icon for the old version, you should remove that also, and re-create it for the new version. On Mac, when trashing out the old version, do NOT allow any third party uninstaller or cleanup applications like “AppCleaner” to run. In their enthusiasm to eliminate files that they think are not used, they're likely to also delete files you really do need, like your license key and Zerene Stacker configuration files.

Yes, this works fine. On Windows, just tell the installer to put the second version in a program folder and Start Menu folder that are different from the first version. On Mac and Linux, the versions are simply distinguished by name and location, which you must specify manually.

There is no limit to the number of versions that you can have installed simultaneously. Each version is self contained and will operate independently except that they share a single folder that contains your license key, program configuration (Options > Preferences settings), and log files.

If you're using the Lightroom plugin, then Lightroom will access whatever version of ZS was last used to create the plugin scripts, at Options > Plugins… > Lightroom.

There are two common reasons that a license key won't work. The first is that some portion of the license key has been omitted from the copy/paste. Each Zerene Stacker license key is long and complicated, typically 17 lines including the BEGIN and END lines. If any portion of the key is not included, the key will be rejected. The second is that the key has been slightly modified during the process of being saved and retrieved. The key must be entered exactly correct, including upper/lower case and all punctuation, or it will not be accepted. Keys are almost impossible to enter correctly by typing. Often they will not even survive being passed through a “smart” word processing program or PDF writer. Such programs often make slight changes to punctuation, so small that they are difficult or impossible to see by eye, but still these changes make the license key not valid.

So, when you save a copy of the license key, it is best to either save an exact copy of the email in which it came, or a plain text copy of the key. From these formats you can then use copy/paste to enter the license key into Zerene Stacker, as described HERE.

To recover from problems with a license key, the simplest approach is to send email to support@zerenesystems.com . We can use your email address or other information to find the key in our own records, and then we'll send you a fresh copy to install and save on your computer.

This question is often asked by people who have purchased a new computer and are trying to install Zerene Stacker on it. In that case if your old computer still works, then you can recover your license key by running Zerene Stacker there, going to Options > Registration, then using right-click Select All and right-click Copy to put the license key on the computer's clipboard. Paste that into an email or plain text document for transfer to your new computer, install it as described HERE, and you should be good to go.

If that path is not available but you still have email archives, then you can search for a message containing the lines “==== BEGIN LICENSE KEY ====” and “Software Name: Zerene Stacker 1.0”. Those two lines have been present in every Zerene Stacker license key ever issued, and they always get delivered by email. (See HERE. for an example of the full format.)

Alternatively, you can write email to support@zerenesystems.com, tell us that you've lost your license key, and give us whatever information you remember about the purchase. If you know an exact email address then that's the best info, but we can also work with name and physical address. We'll use that information to find your license key in our records, and send you a fresh copy and instructions for what to do with it.

Yes, our beta test channel provides early notification and access to new features as they are developed. The way it works is simple. The latest public beta version is always posted on our Beta Testing Downloads page. Versions that are downloaded from there have build numbers that end in “_beta”. Whenever you're running such a version, you will receive notifications of new updates and announcements for the beta channel, instead of the regular release channel. You can move back and forth between beta and regular release channels whenever you want, just by downloading and installing the appropriate version of Zerene Stacker.

Yes. Zerene Stacker will work with any camera. That's because it does not attempt to talk directly with your camera. It just processes the image files that the camera creates. You can tether your camera to a computer so that Zerene Stacker can immediately access the captured images, but in that case it will be some other piece of software that's talking with the camera. Our Tutorials section includes discussion of several commonly used software packages for tethering.

The input and output formats are JPEG and TIFF, the latter in either 8- or 16-bit RGB. In general the most reliable TIFF format is uncompressed; some compressed formats such as 16-bit ZIP are not readable. A few other formats such as PNG and BMP can be read but not written.

To process any format of raw files, including DNG, takes two separate steps. First you convert the raw files to some standard RGB format, typically TIFF, and then you stack the TIFF files.

For highest quality, we recommend converting raw files to 16-bit TIFF using your favorite raw converter and whatever settings make it work the best. After stacking the 16-bit TIFFs, tell Zerene Stacker to save its output also as 16-bit TIFF.

Because 16-bit TIFF files are lossless and have more bits per pixel than are captured by current cameras, this process retains all of the image quality intrinsic to the raw formats.

Zerene Systems does not provide raw converters. You can download those separately, or use software provided by your camera manufacturer.

If you use Lightroom, then be aware that there's a Lightroom plugin for Zerene Stacker that handles raw conversion automatically. When using Lightroom with the plugin, processing raw files is just a matter of selecting them and doing an Export to Zerene Stacker. See Working with Lightroom for more details about this "Pro-only" feature.

A longer explanation is that no stacking software really works directly with raw files.

The structure of data in a typical raw image file, one value per photosite with color implied by a mosaic Bayer filter pattern, is fundamentally incompatible with the image alignment process that is required for stacking.

Some stacking software from other companies deals with this aspect by accepting raw files at the level of the user interface, then converting them to some RGB format, typically TIFF, in a background process that is easy to overlook and may be difficult to optimize.

Zerene Stacker goes the other route, exposing the conversion process and encouraging users to deal with it as what we think it really is: a key part of the overall workflow that deserves some attention in order to get best results.

By default, whatever color profile is used by the input files is also copied through to output files that are saved as JPEG or TIFF. However, color profile is ignored in Zerene Stacker's own screen displays unless the option is set to “Use input file profiles for ZS screen displays” (at Options > Preferences > Color Management). This advanced Pro-only feature is set off by default in the trial version. As a result, stacks using a wide-gamut profile such as ProPhotoRGB may appear significantly different when displayed by Zerene Stacker than when displayed by Photoshop or similar tool. On some computers Zerene Stacker will also ignore the color profile of your monitor, so that even sRGB images look different than shown in Photoshop. These differences may be worrisome if you don't know what's causing them, but the key thing to remember is that the color profile will be correct in the output file.

Note: there is an optional setting at Options > Preferences > Color Management that can cause color profiles to be omitted from output files. If you're having trouble with profiles, check there to be sure that the Output option is selected to “Copy profile from input”.

You need to use File > Save Output Image(s). That will give you a choice of TIFF or JPEG, with options appropriate for each format (compression quality for JPEG, 8- versus 16-bit for TIFF).

It's a common mistake to use File > Save Project and then notice that what gets saved are .zsj and .zsy files that can't be used by anything besides Zerene Stacker. File > Save Project is for tasks like coming back tomorrow to retouch an image that you generated today. It stores images in lossless formats and keeps track of alignment information so that you can resume work immediately, with no expensive computation. See Saving Work In A "Project" for more discussion about that.

If you have used File > Save Project and then left Zerene Stacker, you can quickly recover your work by launching Zerene Stacker again, doing a File > Open Project, and selecting the project folder or the .zsj file inside it. After the project has been re-opened, you can select one or more images in the Output Images panel and use File > Save Output Image(s) to create TIFF or JPEG. (Note: either the project folder or the .zsj file may show as a yellow smiling dog icon, depending on what operating system and program settings you're using. If neither one shows the icon, just select the .zsj file anyway.)

Saving EXIF and other metadata is controlled by the setting at Options > Preferences > Image Saving > “Copy metadata from source images to saved output images”. This is a “Pro-only” feature, which means that it's available for long-term use only with Prosumer or Professional licenses. If you're using Prosumer Edition or Professional Edition, then this feature is selected by default. If you have only a lower level license, such as trial, Student, or Personal, then you can run the feature as a 30-day free trial by explicitly selecting it.

There is an option to preserve the ppi setting, by selecting Options > Preferences > Image Saving > “Copy metadata from source images to saved output images”, before doing File > Save Output Image(s). This Pro-only option will also save all other EXIF metadata such as camera & lens type, exposure settings, GPS location, and so on. Note that “Copy metadata…” is automatically selected by default if you are using a Prosumer Edition or Professional Edition license key. It is also selected by default when you are running the Lightroom plug-in, so if you're running the trial version with default settings, you may notice a difference between going through Lightroom and launching Zerene Stacker separately.

In the computer’s file system, each Zerene Stacker project consists of a folder that contains a “.zsj” file and several subfolders. The .zsj file is the master description for the project. You can look inside it with any text editor. Typical subfolders include “generatedimages”, which contains output images in “.zsy” format; “previewimages”, which contains cached screen preview images as low quality “.jpg”; and so on.

When using File > Open Project inside Zerene Stacker, the project may appear in a couple of different ways. Usually it appears as an ordinary folder, so to open the project you must navigate inside the project folder, select the .zsj file, and open that. However, if Options > Preferences > Look & Feel is set to not use “system native File Choosers”, then File > Open Project will show the project folder as a single “yellow smiling dog” icon that can be selected and opened without navigating inside it.

In most cases, no. Typically you'll shoot a stack either by controlling focus manually, or by using a camera control device such as CamRanger, or by tethering your camera and using a program like ControlMyNikon or ControlMyCanon. In all those cases, Zerene Stacker does not participate in the capture process. The only time that Zerene Stacker gets involved in controlling the shooting of a stack is when you're using a StackShot rail and you've chosen to use Zerene Stacker's own Stackshot control panel for that.

Yes, it surely does. This question is often asked by people who are worried about focusing by using the big ring on their macro lens. In that case it's clear that magnification changes along with focus. But it turns out that there are magnification changes almost all the time due to perspective, no matter how you focus. The software doesn't care what the cause is for magnification changes; it just corrects for all of them.

For DMap, it's definitely best if the frames are processed in order, either front-to-back or back-to-front. If they're out of order, then the result may still look OK at first glance but it's almost certainly degraded. Often there will be obvious artifacts like nasty halos.

PMax itself does not care about order, but going from one end straight to the other is still the safe way to get good alignment. Sometimes when source frames are processed out of order, enough error accumulates in the alignment process that two frames, focused at nearly the same depth but far apart in the stack order, end up aligned slightly differently. When that happens, you get artifacts like “echoes”.

Front-to-back versus back-to-front makes no difference in most cases. The visibility methods currently used by Zerene Stacker are symmetric with respect to depth order. They produce the same image quality and artifacts no matter which way the stack is processed. The default behavior is to start processing at the narrow end of the stack, meaning whichever end appears to have a smaller FOV based on comparing first and last frames. That choice reduces or eliminates edge streaking and in some cases can slightly improve the quality of alignment. Options are provided to process the stack in a specific order if desired, but those are to control framing, not image quality.

One exception occurs if your subject is liable to move away while you're shooting. In that case you should start at whichever end you consider most important, so that if the subject does leave you may still have something useful to work with.

Extra frames are OK. In fact standard advice is to “start early and end late”. The reason is because extra frames at the front or back of the stack are not likely to cause any visible issues, but accidentally missing focus can ruin the stack.

Frames that do not contain any focused detail will be almost totally ignored. We say “almost” because:

1. The first frame in Input Files, as ordered after processing, always serves as the master image for framing and for brightness correction (the functions controlled at Options > Preferences > Alignment).
2. The stacking algorithms may pick up a little information from the out-of-focus frames. Typically this just causes a slight increase in pixel noise, but the stacking process may also pick up a slightly less out-of-focus version of the background from frames that do not contain any focused detail. Both of these are more likely with PMax than DMap.
3. Time will be spent processing the out-of-focus images, even if no information from them is used in the end.

If you're shooting very small subjects such as details of insects and flowers, then a high precision screw-driven focus rail is very helpful and sometimes required.

However, you don't need a focus rail for many applications, and in fact for larger subjects you'll probably get better results by stepping focus with the ring on your lens. See HERE for more discussion on that point.

Lenses with auto-focus capability can usually be controlled very precisely by software if you tether your camera to a computer. See the Tutorials Index for suggestions regarding software to do that.

There are several good ways to figure out what aperture setting and step size to use.

If you're going to be shooting a lot of stacks under similar conditions, then one very good method has four major steps:

1. Decide what magnification you want to shoot at. Even with the same lens, the best aperture setting will be different at 1:1 than it is for a landscape.
2. At the selected magnification, shoot a series of pictures that vary the aperture setting over its entire range. Look closely at the pictures and find the one that has the most depth of field while still retaining the sharpness you need, in the plane of best focus. Whatever aperture setting took that picture, that's the one you want.
3. At the selected magnification and aperture setting, experiment with different step sizes to find the largest step size that gives a clean result with no focus banding.
4. Write down what you found, and use your notes to guide further work under similar circumstances.

The above procedure is very reliable and automatically incorporates your own criteria and the requirements of your own application. Both of those can make large differences in determining which aperture setting and step size are best for what you're doing. However, this experimental method obviously takes a fair amount of effort.

As a shortcut, you can skip steps 3 and 4, and rely instead on the tables that we've provided HERE. They basically rely on computation to determine for you a step size that will prevent focus banding, once you have determined the magnification and aperture setting that you want to work at. Similar tables that provide focus distances for landscape and other large scale work can be found HERE.

By the way, it turns out that the classic tables and formulas for DOF are not so good for focus stacking with modern cameras and display software. They worked OK for shooting single pictures with film and prints, but now the numbers that they produce are often too large. If you rely on the old values, you're very likely to see focus banding when you zoom in to look at “actual pixels” and full camera resolution.

The memory requirement is determined by image size as measured by pixel count. The recommended setting is at least 100 MB for each 1 megapixel, so 12 megapixel images need 1200 MB, 24 megapixel images need 2400 MB, and so on. Somewhat smaller settings can be used, down to a minimum of roughly 75 MB for each 1 megapixel, but this may make stacking run a little slower. Larger settings, up to about 200 MB for each 1 megapixel, may make some operations run faster.

Note that the memory requirement depends on pixel count and not on input file size or number of frames in the stack. There is no significant difference in memory requirement between processing JPEG and TIFF images, and the memory requirement does not increase with deeper stacks.

In most cases it is counterproductive to allocate much more memory than described above, because this will just cause more contention with other processes in your computer.

Drag-and-drop is usually the quickest and easiest method. You don't have to use Add Files at all. Just open another window showing your operating system's file chooser, either Windows Explorer or Macintosh Finder. Select files there, then press and hold the mouse button while dragging the selected files onto the Input Files panel of Zerene Stacker. Release the mouse button to drop the files into Zerene Stacker. This method is more powerful and flexible than Add Files because you can use all the display options provided by your operating system, including tables of thumbnails or popping up another image viewer if you need to take a closer look at some image before deciding to add it to Zerene Stacker.

Streaked edges usually happen when some source images are centered differently from others. The streaks appear in areas that are outside the frame of at least one image.

What happens is that the software picks one frame, either the first or last, to use as a master. Then each succeeding frame essentially gets registered against the first using a rotate/shift/scale approach based on comparing the image content. If it happens that a later frame ends up not covering the whole area covered by the first frame, then the software fills in the missing edge strips with copies of the closest available pixel. As a result, any detail that appears along the edge of the frame gets smeared from wherever registration puts it clear out to the edge of the frame. That produces streaks like the ones you see. Sometimes the streaks do not propagate clear through to the output because they are overwhelmed by stronger real detail in other frames. But when the filled-in streaks are the strongest available “detail”, then they propagate to the output and produce the effect you see.

Streaked edges are common for stacks that are shot handheld. They can also happen with a focus rail if the camera is pointed a little bit to the left or right, or tipped up or down, or if the rail is mounted on a tripod that sags when the camera is moved. Shooting through some stereo microscopes can also produce this effect, because with those scopes the camera is essentially shooting what one eye sees, and that's pointed a little bit left or right to produce the stereo effect.

Streaked edges can also occur when the subject moves slightly within the frame, such as a flower that slowly wilts while the stack is being shot. From the standpoint of the software, there's really no difference between the subject moving around the frame, and the frame moving around the subject.

For some hints about how to investigate what's going on, see How can I detect movement in my stack?

Edge streaks can also be caused by forcing a stack to be processed starting at the “wide” end, meaning whichever end of the stack has the widest field of view. In this case the streaks are likely to appear on all four edges, and may extend from the edge of the image to the edge of the narrowest field of view. With standard settings, Zerene Stacker automatically determines which is the narrow end of the stack and starts there, which completely prevents edge streaks with a well aligned stack. However, it can be forced to start at either end by de-selecting Options > Preferences > “Automatic order”, then using File > “Re-order input files” > “Reverse order” as necessary to get the desired order before stacking. Normally we recommend to leave “Automatic order” selected, and set things up when the stack is shot so that everything you care about is contained even within the narrowest frame. See the tutorial HERE for more information on that point.

In recent versions of Zerene Stacker, edge streaks can be avoided by checking the box at Options > Preferences > Preprocessing > “Use dust & defects mask”, and also checking the box under that to “Avoid edge streaks”. (For this use, you do not need to provide a dust & defects mask “from file”.) However, while this option will prevent the introduction of streaks, that region of the result image may still be degraded if the subject has details that were never captured in sharp focus due to the shift in framing. It is better to avoid the shift in framing while the stack is being shot, if possible. For more information about this use of the dust & defects mask, see HERE.

That description sounds like what we call “dust trails” or “hot pixel trails”, depending on whether the trails are darker or lighter than their surroundings.

If you carefully check your source images, you will find that in each of them there are a few individual spots, one spot for each trail in your output.

Those spots typically occur at exactly the same pixel coordinates in each source image. (In rare cases individual spots may move slightly as focus is changed, due to axial shift of the lens's exit pupil.)

The reason that trails appear during the stacking process is this: Due to magnification changes, jitter, or systematic drift in your focus stepping setup, the subject moves slightly left/right/up/down in each frame. Essentially the subject is moving around with respect to the spots. In order to make a clean rendering, the focus stacking process must correct for the subject movement, so the subject stays in the same place for each frame. But then the spots appear to move around with respect to the subject. To the focus stacking algorithms, the spots look just like sharp detail that should be retained, and so in the final image you see each spot in every position that it ever occupied with respect to the subject. In combination with the human eye's great ability to pick out linear structures, this causes each spot to become a collection of spots that looks like a straight line, a wiggly trail, or something in between, depending on exactly how the jitter and drift behaved in the first place.

In general, these sorts of artifacts can be called “defect trails”, because they are trails of small defects in the original images. The most common form is “dust trails” due to dust on the sensor, producing dark trails on light backgrounds. Light spots, typically very small, are caused by “warm pixels”, in which individual photosites on the camera sensor accumulate charge due to electrical leakage in addition to light exposure.

The best cure for these problems is to prevent them in the first place. Fixing the problem after the stack has been shot inevitably means guessing about what the pixel values should have been, that were hidden by the spots. So, it's best to clean your sensor and keep it that way. Warm pixels get worse with long exposures and higher temperatures, so the best way to avoid them is to use short exposures by adding light, typically flash. It also helps to avoid Live View mode during actual shooting, if possible, because continuous use of the sensor during Live View causes the sensor to get warmer.

If you cannot avoid dust or warm pixels in the first place, then the second-best approach is to remove them before stacking, using some technique equivalent to batch mode dust removal.

In recent versions of Zerene Stacker, dust trails can be avoided by preparing a mask image that shows Zerene Stacker where spots should be removed, then checking the box at Options > Preferences > Preprocessing > “Use dust & defects mask”, and providing the name and folder path of the mask image. The mask image must be the same size and orientation as the source images, with black dots on a pure white background. For an extended discussion of how to create and use a dust and defects mask, see https://www.photomacrography.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41343 . NOTE: That discussion is a long thread that currently spans 4 pages in the standard forum layout. Be sure to read all pages because some important information does not appear on the first page. Also note that in Zerene Stacker, the dust & defects mask is a Pro-only feature.

Dust and defect removal can also be done using tools such as Lightroom or Photoshop. You can find a lot of information about this by searching the internet for words like “remove dust from multiple pictures”. Alternatively, it often works great to paint over the trails by retouching, either inside Zerene Stacker using Edit > Retouching, or outside Zerene Stacker using something like Photoshop's healing brush or clone tool.

There are three common reasons that saved output images can have different colors from the input: 1) brightness adjustment, 2) PMax, and 3) “Retain extended dynamic range” when saving. “Brightness adjustment” refers to Zerene Stacker's attempt to correct for uneven exposure between various input images. That feature is turned on by default, but you can turn it off by un-checking Brightness at Options > Preferences > Alignment. “PMax” refers to the PMax stacking method, which often makes slight changes in brightness, contrast, and saturation as a side effect of doing its focus stacking. This behavior is an unavoidable side effect of PMax and should be considered as one of the tradeoffs of PMax versus DMap. (The changes are affected by the setting at Options > Preferences > PMax Settings > “Use all color channels in decisions”, so if you see troublesome changes, try that setting both ways.) “Retain extended dynamic range” when saving causes the range of internal pixel values to be compressed if necessary to fit within the 0-255 range of image files. Internally the range can exceed 0-255 as a result of PMax, brightness adjustment, or even just pixel interpolation during alignment.

These sorts of color/brightness/contrast changes in the saved images can be completely avoided by using the DMap stacking method, with Brightness adjustment turned off at Options > Preferences > Alignment, and “Retain extended dynamic range” turned off at Options > Preferences > Image Saving or in the file save dialog.

In some unusual cases, color changes can also result from issues in the handling of color profiles of the image files and/or monitor. See the discussion above, at How does Zerene Stacker handle color profiles?

Sometimes images look fine in Photoshop, Lightroom, or some other image viewer, but suddenly look noisy when you load them into Zerene Stacker. If you look closer, you discover that the noise appears when the images are viewed at some reduced scale like “Fit window”, but at 100% the images look the same in Zerene Stacker as they do in the other programs.

The reason this happens is that the other programs “anti-alias” their screen displays by averaging together lots of image pixels to make each screen pixel, and Zerene Stacker doesn't bother to do that.

The lack of anti-aliasing can also result in Zerene Stacker's screen displays showing other artifacts, notably moiré patterns in areas that have fine regular texture such as fabric weave or insect eyes.

All these effects can be worrisome when you first notice them. However, the screen display appearance does not affect the quality of output image files, so once you realize what's going on, the worry goes away.

There's a whole separate page that addresses this problem.

See "Using Stack Selected to Retouch Transparent Foreground" .

The best settings at Options > Preferences > Alignment depend on what you're doing.

The default settings are to correct for every common issue:

• scale changes due to perspective and focusing;
• X- and Y-shifts due to handholding, or due to jitter or misalignment of a focus rail;
• rotation due to handholding; and
• brightness changes typically due to flash variation.

However, in many cases one or more of those issues is ruled out by hardware when the stack is shot. If you're using a focus rail or a microscope, then it's unlikely that there's any rotation to deal with. If you're using continuous illumination instead of flash, then it's probably quite consistent from frame to frame. In some microscopy work, none of these issues are important.

The basic guideline is to turn off any alignment option that you don't need. That will make the alignment process go faster. In some cases, particularly at high magnification such as through a microscope, turning off unnecessary options will also give a better result image. This issue is discussed in a lot more detail in the forum thread at https://www.photomacrography.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=79878#79878.

The percentages at Options > Preferences > Alignment are limits and are measured with respect to the master frame. Most of the time they can be left at the default values, which are fairly large. Once in a while, typically with handheld work, it's necessary to increase the limits to allow correct alignment. Rarely, it's also necessary to reduce the limits to keep the software from wandering off and latching onto some bogus alignment. Typically this happens only if the image contains some strong repeating pattern like a regular grid.

PMax is a “pyramid” method. It is very good at finding and preserving detail even in low contrast or slightly blurred areas. It's also very good at handling overlapping structures like mats of hair and crisscrossing bristles, nicely avoiding the loss-of-detail halos typical of other stacking programs. But PMax tends to increase noise and contrast, it can alter colors somewhat, and it's liable to produce fuzzy “inversion halos” around strongly contrasting objects.

DMap is a “depth map” method. It does a better job keeping the original smoothness and colors, but it's not as good at finding and preserving detail.

The two methods complement each other. Some types of subjects look good when they are processed automatically by PMax, but not by DMap. Other subjects are just the opposite. For particularly challenging subjects like bugs and flowers shot through microscope objectives, neither method is ideal by itself. In that case the best results are obtained by using human judgment and the retouching tool to combine the best aspects of both algorithms.

For further discussion of these issues, see “DMap versus PMax” on the Zerene Stacker: How To Use It page, and also the “How To Use DMap” and video retouching tutorials, all linked on the main Tutorials index page.

First, note that there's a tutorial specifically on “How To Use DMap”. Visit the Tutorials index page to find that.

But as a quick guideline, the best values for the “radius” parameters at Options > Preferences > DMap Settings depend on two things:

1. how sharp your images are,
2. whether there's any side-to-side movement of the subject after alignment is done.

There are basically three cases:

• If there's no movement and your images are sharp when viewed at 100% scale (actual pixels), then set Estimation Radius = 5.
• If there's no movement but your images are blurred when viewed at 100% scale, then reduce the scale until the image does look sharp, and set Estimation Radius to 5 increased in proportion to the scale factor. For example if your images look sharp at 50% (that is, reduced by 2X), then set Estimation Radius = 10 (because 5 times 2 is 10). Similarly if your images look sharp only at 33% (reduced by 3X), then set Estimation Radius = 15 (because 5*3=15); at 25% (4X), set ER = 20; at 20% (5X), set ER = 25; and so on. (Math geeks: compute ER=5/scale, where scale=0.25 for 25% and so on.)
• If your stack has subject movement, then try setting Estimation Radius to between 1/100 and 1/200 of your image width in pixels, for example around 20-40 if your images are 4K pixels wide.

In any case, set Smoothing Radius to half the value of Estimation Radius.

When DMap pauses for you to Set Contrast Selection, you're supposed to move the slider until out-of-focus background goes black in the preview image, while your subject retains most of its natural colors. What you're doing is using your human judgment to mark “can't tell” regions where you want the program to emphasize smoothness rather than getting misled by pixel noise that might look like detail but isn't.

When you use the slider, you are actually setting two numbers: the percentile which says what fraction of pixels ended up getting shown as “black in preview” (that is, contrast of details is below threshold), and the level which describes the strength of detail at the break between “black in preview” and normal colors. The numeric value of level is not meaningful to a human, beyond the understanding that the values will be larger in areas that show sharp detail with high contrast, and smaller in areas where there is less detail to be seen.

Usually it is best to set the slider interactively on every stack. However, for batch operations where you have a bunch of stacks with similar appearance, you can checkmark the option to “Use preset contrast threshold”. That prevents the slider and preview image from being shown, so that multiple DMap operations can be done with no user interaction. In that case, you must also select to either use the value of Level that was left over from the last interactive setting of the slider, or compute a new threshold for each stack based on specified Percentile and the image contents of that stack.

Suppose, for example, that you're doing product photography. If your collection of stacks consists of various colors of shoes photographed against a uniform background, then it's probably best to select Percentile because the shoes may have very different appearances but all will cover about the same fraction of the frame. But if you're photographing an assortment of diamond and silver jewelry, say rings, bracelets, and necklaces, then it would be best to select Level because different pieces of jewelry would cover much different fractions of the frame but have similar appearance of detail in whatever region they did cover.

Note: If DMap does not pause for you to Set Contrast Selection, then go to Options > Preferences > DMap settings and remove the checkmark on “Use preset contrast threshold”. The software is distributed with that option not checked, but sometimes it gets checked by accident and then the lack of pause can be very confusing!

Slabbing is a technique for making it easier to work with stacks that contain large numbers of images. The concept of slabbing is that you split your stacking into two big steps. In the first step you might reduce say 200 original source images to 30 intermediate images, by stacking sets of 10-15 photos each, with some overlap between sets. Then in the second step you stack the 30 intermediate images, the “slab outputs”, to produce an image with the full stack combined.

When you retouch with slabbing, typically you only have to reach back to the intermediate images, instead of all the way back to each of the original source images. In the example, that means retouching from a set of only 30 images instead of 200.

Slabbing can also be very helpful if you need to explore a variety of settings for the DMap parameters. In this scenario you would generate the slab outputs using the PMax stacking method, then stack the slabs using DMap. The gain here is much faster computation for the stacking, because DMap only needs to work with the much smaller number of slab outputs, instead of all the original source images individually.

For more information about slabbing, see HERE.

In many cases it doesn't matter. If you have a good sharpening tool that can identify and sharpen real detail while leaving pixel noise largely unchanged, then you may get better results by running it before Zerene Stacker. That's because it improves the “signal-to-noise ratio”, which helps Zerene Stacker to make better decisions. But with sharpening filters that do not have that level of discrimination, you'll get similar results either way and it's quicker and safer to just sharpen the final result. If you do sharpen before stacking, be sure not to oversharpen because fixing that problem would require reprocessing the whole stack.

The same reasoning applies to noise reduction. If you can reduce noise while preserving real detail, then that improves the signal-to-noise ratio and it's a good thing to do before running Zerene Stacker. Just don't overdo it, again because fixing that problem would require reprocessing the whole stack.

The easiest way is to “play” the stack as if it were a filmstrip. To do this, just press-and-drag within the list of input files. File selection will track the cursor, while the image shown in the source window will update to match. This makes it easy to quickly find any portion of the stack that you are interested in, and at the same time makes it easy to joggle between two or three frames to identify the exact frame where some problem turns up.

If you have already processed the stack, then you can also put a checkmark on “Show as adjusted” in the input files panel. This will show the source images as they ended up after alignment. This makes it much easier to spot movement of the subject. Of course if you are interested in seeing how stable and well aligned your setup is, you will want to leave “show as adjusted” unchecked so that you're seeing the source images before alignment.

By default, processing the stack also generates a set of highly compressed preview-quality images that can be played more quickly than the original high quality source images. For this reason, it's usually better to put off “playing” your stack until after it's been processed once, unless you have some reason up front to suspect that subject movement may be an issue.

Normally Zerene Stacker starts processing at whichever end of the stack has the narrower field of view. This is to minimize or prevent edge streaking, which otherwise may appear in edge regions that are not covered by some source image. The narrow end of the stack can be either foreground or background, depending on exactly what lens you're using and how you're doing the focus stepping. The software determines which end is narrower by comparing images in the first and last frames. Sometimes in microscopy the decision looks essentially random because it depends on the arrangement of objects in the image and how they appear to change size as they go into and out of focus.

You can stop Zerene from automatically setting the order by going to Options > Preferences > Alignment and removing the checkmark on “Automatic order”. Then you can switch the order, if desired, by using File > “Reverse order”.

Sure. First, go to Options > Preferences > Alignment and remove the checkmark on “Automatic order”. This will prevent Zerene Stacker from rearranging the stack based on its analysis of which end has a narrower field of view.

If you need to set the order very precisely, then you may also have to add the images one at a time or in small groups, using drag-and-drop or Add File(s) multiple times. Each time you drop files into the Input Files panel or click the Add button inside the Add File(s) dialog, ZS will sort the newly added files by name.

By removing the checkmark on “Automatic order” and adding files one at a time, you can set exactly any order that you want.

In many cases there's a simple trick that handles this problem.

The trick is this: after you've processed the stack at least once, so that all the images have been aligned against each other, then do a File > “Re-order input files” > “Sort by Scale”. If the files were originally not in strict focus order, chances are they will be in strict focus order after the sort is done. Then you can do another Stack operation to take advantage of the improved ordering. In especially difficult cases, it may help to do the steps of stacking and “Sort by Scale” a couple of times, to give the software the best opportunity to accurately calculate scale.

To understand how the trick works, first note that with most optics, the image changes size along with focus. Depending on the lens, the image might get smaller or larger as focus moves back, but it's probably only going to do one of those, and it will do it consistently and by a large enough amount to be reliably determined by the computational alignment process. Fortunately, the alignment process can usually determine scale accurately even when the images are initially out of order, and then sorting by the recovered scale puts them back into order again.

The nice thing about “Sort by Scale” is that it doesn't require much thinking or mouse-clicking. The alternative is to figure out by eye what the focus order was, then manually add files into the stacking software one at a time or in appropriate groups to get the correct ordering. Alternatively, some people rename their image files so as to be in focus order when sorted by name.

Probably you accidentally put a checkmark on “Retain extended dynamic range” while saving the image. Remove that checkmark at Options > Preferences > Image Saving, or when you save your next image, and the problem will go away.

Yes, there are several. First, turn off functionality you don't care about. This applies especially to “Cache unaligned screen images” and “Cache aligned screen images”, found at Options > Preferences > Caching & Undo. If you seldom or never want to detect movement by playing a stack as if it were a filmstrip, then remove the checkmark on “Cache unaligned screen images”. If you don't plan on retouching from source or you're prepared for frame selection to be sluggish, then remove the checkmark on “Cache aligned screen images”. Un-checking Options > Preferences > Alignment > Rotation and Brightness can help too, if your setup does not allow rotation and has stable illumination. On Mac, try un-checking the External TIFF Reader at Options > Preferences > Preprocessing; if you still get correct results, you'll get them a little faster. Also, note that there's an option at Preferences > Multiprocessing, to “Overlap I/O with computation if possible”. If you're using trial, or a Personal or Student Edition license, then that option is turned off by default. You can turn it on by explicitly selecting it and answering “Yes” to the question about “start trial?” For other options and details, see the discussion at http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=141699#141699.

There are several possible causes for the error message that “Image <filename> is a different size from the first image.”

These include:

• In a vertical setup, if the camera is set to auto-rotate, then sometimes the camera will switch randomly between landscape and portrait orientations. In this case the images are different “sizes” because their widths and heights don't match, even though the total number of pixels is the same. The best fix is to set the camera so as to turn off the auto-rotate option. However, stacks that have this difficulty often can be processed by setting Zerene Stacker so that Options > Preferences > Preprocessing > “Ignore EXIF orientation” is checkmarked.

• If a stack is preprocessed as HDR, combining multiple camera frames to produce HDR source frames that are then fed to Zerene Stacker, then the HDR process often produces outputs that are slightly different sizes. This happens because of the HDR process's own alignment procedure, combined with image noise or slight jitter in the stack acquisition. In this case the best fix is to set Options > Preferences > Preprocessing > “Image Pre-cropping” to be the smallest width and smallest height that appear in images produced by the HDR process. Often these will be the same size as the original camera images, but with some HDR software the dimensions may be smaller. Note that the smallest width and smallest height may occur on different images.

• If a stack is shot as raw, then very rarely, some raw conversion software will make slight changes in the image size apparently at random. Again, a good fix is to set Options > Preferences > Preprocessing > “Image Pre-cropping” to be the size of the smallest image produced by raw conversion. As an alternative, try turning off distortion correction in your raw converter. Lens distortion can change with focus, prompting the raw converter to output slightly different image sizes.

Whenever the program exits, it writes current preferences to a configuration file, named “zerenstk.cfg”. The next time the program is launched, it reads those saved preferences from zerenstk.cfg . All preference values that relate to stacking, file formats, etc. are also written to each project file (*.zsj) that is created or updated by File > Save Project. Whenever a project is reloaded by File > Open Project, all the preferences of that project also become the current preferences of the program. So, when the program exits after reloading a project, the preferences that are saved to zerenstk.cfg will be the values belonging to that project, not whatever preferences were set before the project was reloaded. Preferences can also be explicitly saved and restored, independent of any project, by using the “Save preferences…” and “Load preferences…” buttons in the Options > Preferences panel.

Most of the time, you can just ignore all these details and the program will do what you expect it to do.

However, there are a few situations where the program's handling of preferences can produce unpleasant confusion.

Perhaps the most common one is when you've been doing some stacking, then you reload an old project for whatever reason, then you start a new project without realizing that the old project had different preference settings and now you're using those again! If you frequently change preferences and reload old projects, then it's probably good to get in the habit of explicitly saving and loading preferences by using the buttons in the Preferences panel.

Another situation that can cause confusion is if you run multiple copies of Zerene Stacker at the same time. In that case only the last one that exits will save preferences that get loaded on the next launch. This is because all the other copies do save their preferences on exit, but then those get overwritten by each other copy that exits later.

When the progress bar appears, there is a button next to it labeled “Cancel this operation”. Click that, and immediately a popup will appear that asks whether you're sure. In that popup, click the button labeled “Yes, abort”. The popup will immediately disappear, but it may take some seconds for Zerene Stacker to internally reach a point where it can stop cleanly. When it does, it will produce a confirmation popup, “Operation stopped by user request”.

There are a few circumstances where you have to do this more than once, because the code does not remember the abort and starts a second operation after the first is aborted. One example is if you Align & Stack All (Both) and abort the PMax. Another is if the stack is not yet aligned, and you do a Stack Selected, then change your mind and abort while the align all frames is happening. In each case, just repeat the process.

We have a whole separate page about that; see Tips for Retouching.

To understand about the additional retouching brush types, it is best to start with the default “Details” brush that is provided by all editions.

That brush is discussed in some detail at http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=85715#85715 . Very briefly summarizing, the Details brush is optimized for retouching between two areas that may have different overall brightness, notably between original source and PMax output, or between PMax and DMap outputs. It is sort of like Photoshop's clone tool, but with adaptive hardness that causes it to have soft edges where there is not much detail in the subject, and progressively harder edges where fine detail is present. In addition it automatically corrects for brightness differences between source and target, so in most cases it automatically does a “seamless” retouch that could be very difficult to do with Photoshop's clone tool.

In most cases, this default brush is the best one to use, but it does have downsides in certain circumstances. First, there is always some potential for the default brush to slightly change colors and contrasts, even when brushing from original source into a DMap output. But the most obvious limitation is that if you want to change the overall lightness of an area, for example to retouch darkness into a bright area, the default Details brush won't do that.

Instead, to do that job of retouching darkness into a bright area, you need to use the (Pro) Pixels brush. The Pixels brush is almost identical to Photoshop's clone tool. It has fixed hardness, adjustable by slider, and all it does is to copy pixel values from source to target.

The Darken and Lighten brushes are like the Pixels brush, except that they only copy pixel values if that copy will make the target get darker or lighter, respectively. This is occasionally handy when retouching small isolated features such as the bristles of an insect.

This effect can occur when you retouch from a PMax output into a DMap output. As explained in another FAQ, PMax output is generally noisier than DMap output. Often this difference is overlooked when you are looking at just one or the other, or even side-by-side. But when you retouch from PMax into DMap, the greater noise of PMax is carried over, and that's when it becomes obvious, seen against the quieter surrounding areas made by DMap.

There are a couple of ways to reduce this problem. First is to always shoot at the lowest possible ISO, so that your source images will have as little pixel noise as possible. Second is to retouch in the smallest possible areas, typically only where DMap has messed up the handling of front/back overlap between two focused parts of the subject. DMap will almost always give a better rendition of background and of foreground edges seen against unfocused background, so those areas usually should not be retouched from PMax.

Yes, in most cases. But the process is cumbersome, so it's better to use File > Save Project and File > Open Project as intended.

In detail, the process goes like this:

1. Open or re-create a project that has source images in the same alignment that produced the image you want to retouch.
2. Go to Options > Preferences > Preprocessing, and put a checkmark on the option to “Add files to existing project as already aligned”.
3. Add the image that you want to retouch, into the Input Files panel. You can do this by either drag-and-drop or File > Add File(s).
4. Be sure the project has as least one output image. Create one by stacking, if necessary.
5. Select any output image.
6. Edit > Start Retouching.
7. Set scale to “Fit window”.
8. Position the retouching brush in the center of the image, then resize it big enough to cover the entire image at one time.
9. Click once, to replace all pixels in the placeholder with pixels from the image that you really want to retouch. The “Current Retouched Image” will then be equal to the image you want to retouch, just as if it would have been if selected from the Output Images panel.
10. Resize the retouching brush to be a normal small size.
11. Proceed with retouching as you originally intended.

There is no single document that steps through the GUI and explains what each of the items does.

However, within the app, if you hover over each of the GUI items, you'll get a pop-up “tooltip” that offers some explanatory language. For example, hovering over “Shift X” at Options > Preferences > Alignment produces the tooltip “If checked, detect and correct for horizontal shift between frames.”

Some of the GUI elements are too complicated to be adequately explained this way. In those cases there is usually some explanation on the website, often augmented by a link into the discussion forums at photomacrography.net . For example, the checkbox labeled “Dust & defects mask” has a tooltip that is still only suggestive: “If checked, enables replacement of bad pixels as indicated by mask file.” However, if you go to the website and use the Search box to look for “dust & defects mask”, then you'll be directed to more information. In this case the first hit goes to the faqlist page, the same place you're reading now, which can also be reached via FAQs in the navigation panel. Here, browser search for “dust” quickly finds several mentions, two of which point to a four-page discussion at https://www.photomacrography.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41343.

Finally, if all of the above process fails to find an adequate explanation, then the ultimate fallback is to write for help from support@zerenesystems.com. In that case we'll either locate an existing explanation and link it better, or write a new one that might be found by other people also.

To quickly summarize: hover for tooltip; search website; follow links as indicated; write to support for more information.

We hope this helps!

There is no forum dedicated to just Zerene Stacker. Instead, for most users we recommend going to photomacrography.net, a strictly non-commercial web forum that covers all aspects of the photography of small things. Many of our users and the principal developer of Zerene Stacker are active participants there, and we prefer to keep our efforts concentrated in one place. Photomacrography.net has a well-earned reputation for in-depth technical information, combined with astounding images created by world-class photographers who are happy to discuss tips, techniques, and tools from all sources. On the other hand, if you're working entirely with subjects that too large to discuss at photomacrography.net, then the best source of information is to email support@zerenesystems.com. We'll be happy to either answer your questions ourselves or point you to other resources as appropriate.

We have a separate document for that: see Working With Lightroom.

There are several keyboard and mouse shortcuts for selecting images and for adjusting image scale and brush size. Those are described HERE.

Recent versions of Zerene Stacker also have keyboard shortcuts for some common operations such as opening and saving files. These are identified in the menu system, as usual for whatever type of computer you are using.

Yes. Just go to Options > Preferences > Look & Feel, scroll down until you can see the option to “Suppress splash screen on launch”, put a checkmark on that option, and exit from Zerene Stacker. Your next launch should be quiet.

You've probably noticed that the default names are based on timestamps, for example “2018-12-01_16.48.14” means 2018 December 01 at 4:48 PM plus 14 seconds (local time zone). Names like that are good for uniqueness but not necessarily what you want for readability. You can construct your own templates to include source image numbers, processing options, and so on. This feature is documented at Options > Preferences > Image Saving; look at the Template field.

The underlying issue here is that if Zerene Stacker crashes or is aborted by the operating system while it has image files loaded, then the project and any temporary image files it was working on will be retained on disk and may consume significant space. These items are likely to be located in a folder of temporary files where they won't be obvious. Especially on Windows, orphaned projects and image files may be retained for long periods, since the operating system does not clean up temporary files very often.

To find orphaned projects, simply search your disk for folders (directories) whose name begins with “unnamedZSproj”. The full name will be something like “unnamedZSproj20090707122911640”, where the trailing digits are a timestamp (year, month, day, etc). Remove these folders and all their contents.

If you're using the Lightroom plug-in, and Zerene Stacker crashes or is aborted, then the plug-in's temporary image files will also be orphaned. These files can be located by searching your disk for folders whose name begins with “Lightroom_Export_to_ZereneStacker”. Again, the full name will be something like “Lightroom_Export_to_ZereneStacker_20140128223721”, where the trailing digits are a timestamp. Remove these folders and all their contents.

On Windows, in both cases you will have to select the option to “include hidden files and folders” so that the Windows Explorer Search function will find projects in the %TEMP% folder where they are normally placed.

The “smiling dog” image is the wing pattern of a California Dogface butterfly, Zerene eurydice. See HERE for an explanation of how the name “Zerene” came to be used for the software also.

Yes, a log file is automatically saved for each execution that encounters an unexpected problem. One log file is also saved for the last normal execution. All you need to do is locate these files in the ZereneStacker application directory as described below, then attach them to an email sent to support@zerenesystems.com. The logs are ordinary text files that you can look at with any text editor if you have any concerns about their content. As an alternative to attaching the file, the content can also be copy/pasted into the body of your email.

To locate log and configuration files, proceed as follows:

• On Windows, do a Start > Run on the Windows taskbar. In the little window that pops up, specify to Open: “%APPDATA%\ZereneStacker” (omit the quotes, and no space in the name). Click OK. This will open a file explorer window showing the ZereneStacker folder in your user area.
  
  On Windows 10, usually it is not possible to open the Start > Run dialog. Instead, you can open a File Explorer window, then in that window's address bar, type in %APPDATA%\ZereneStacker and hit the Enter key. Searching Windows for %APPDATA%\ZereneStacker will also work.
  
  On some systems, it is also necessary to set the folder view options to “Show hidden files, folders, and drives”. See for example http://www.windows10themes.net/guides/how-to-view-the-appdata-folder-in-windows-10/
  
  
• On Mac OS X, use Finder to navigate to your home directory, and from there to your home directory's Library/Preferences/ZereneStacker.
  Note that the required directory is not in the /Library/Preferences that hangs off the root of your computer's disk. Instead it is the one located in your own home directory, ~/Library/Preferences. In modern versions of Mac OS X (“Lion” and later), your own Library folder is normally hidden in Finder. To see into it, simply click the Go menu in Finder, then press and hold the Option (Alt) key to add Library to the list of available folders (as shown HERE). Continue holding the Option key while you click on Library to view its contents, then double-click to open the Preferences folder and then the ZereneStacker folder.
  
  
• On Linux, navigate to ~/.ZereneStacker . That's the normally hidden folder named “.ZereneStacker”, hanging off the root of your login account.

Probably the ZereneStacker folder will contain several log files. To identify the proper one, consider the circumstances: If you received a popup diagnostic that said “Uh-oh – something went wrong and caused an internal error”, then the file is named something like ErrorLog<timestamp>.txt or AutoErrorLog<timestamp>.txt, where <timestamp> is a string of digits that indicate date & time. For example the file may be named ErrorLog20110508090456.txt, for a problem that occurred on 2011 May 8 at 09:04:56 am. If you did not receive such a popup, then the log file is LastNormalLog.txt.

No, this is the end of the list.

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